Setting And Its Impact on Character : Insights On The Human Condition

by Marylee MacDonald in For Writers Doing Revisions, Setting

The setting of your novel plays an important role in how characters behave. Here’s a simple trick that will help you use setting as a lever to get characters out of their heads and into action.

To add tension to a scene, make a character too hot or too cold. If you fiddle with a story’s thermostat, you can force even a wishy-washy Hamlet into action. This is because our bodies constantly send out feelers, via the senses. If our fingertips tingle with cold, we put on gloves. If our hair feels hot to the touch, we seek shade. The body’s response to temperature extremes can drive an entire plot.

I learned this lesson from a short Russian novel. Set in the extreme climate of Siberia, Alexander Solzhenitsin’s A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich centers around the need for warmth. The plot-points hinge on minor incidents: the moment Shukov misplaces a glove; the moment the gulag’s overseers confiscate his felt boots. The protagonist can’t sit around thinking about the meaning of life. He must act to keep his hands warm. He must do something to stave off frostbite.

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A character with a compelling need to do something equals a plot in motion. Those two desirable outcomes occur when you tweak the setting’s temperature.

Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

The psychologist, Abraham Maslow, says that a human’s most basic needs are for breath, food, water, sex, sleep, excretion, and homeostasis (which I take to mean maintaining a constant body-temperature). Writers can use any of these animal needs to put pressure on a protagonist. To keep the importance of these needs in the forefront of my mind, I created this visual in Scapple, a mindmap program.

 

setting is closely related to basic human needs

This visual representation shows the human needs Abraham Maslow thought were primary to our sense of well-being. If you look at these closely, you’ll see that many depend on setting, which is to say where the person lives and whether they like it there.

In this article, I’m only focusing on one need—that of keeping our bodies within the human “comfort” zone, roughly 68 to 87 degrees—but if a scene feels flabby, try making the character desperate for food, water, or sleep. Whichever stressor you choose, your character will be prodded to stop mulling over life’s imponderables. Once a character takes action, the plot moves forward.

Why Bodily Comfort Is So Important

I’m not saying that a character with a parched throat or empty stomach stops thinking. That’s not to the case. Even a prisoner confronted with Siberian winter has a rich inner life. Shukov is thinking all the time about how to stay warm. Staying warm drives the plot. Will Shukov succeed in staying warm? The reader leans forward to see if Shukov will succeed.

Shukhov always got up at reveille, but today he didn’t. He’d been feeling lousy since the night before—with aches and pains and the shivers, and he just couldn’t manage to keep warm that night. In his sleep he’d felt very sick and then again a little better. All the time he dreaded the morning. But the morning came, as it always did. Anyway, how could anyone get warm here, what with the ice piled up on the window and a white cobweb of frost running along the whole barracks where the walls joined the ceiling? And a hell of a barracks it was. Shukhov stayed in bed. He was lying on the top bunk, with his blanket and overcoat over his head and both his feet tucked in the sleeve of his jacket.

Change the Setting and Add Urgency

Notice the connection between cause and effect. Because Shukov couldn’t stay warm, he slept poorly and did something out of character. He lingered in bed. Shukov didn’t weigh the ethics of dodging his work detail. He didn’t make a conscious decision. He simply surrendered to a bodily impulse. By staying in bed, he made his life instantly more complicated.

arizona, landscape, scenic, setting

Whether cold or hot, extreme temperatures in a fictional setting can make all the difference in how a character behaves. Temperature change is a trigger for character change. Image from Pixabay via tpsdave

Let’s take another example, this time from real life. Recently, I was talking to Arizona writer Greg Williams about this blog post. A retired anesthesiologist, Greg is calm and methodical, not the sort of guy who ever raises his voice or acts on impulse. One day eleven years back, Greg was making a move from Phoenix to Flagstaff. It was June and summer heat scorched the Valley of the Sun. Greg had rented a U-Haul and loaded it with furniture, killing himself to finish during the early morning hours. By noon, Greg (hot already) began motoring north, satisfied that he was right on schedule. A mile or so from his house, he turned on the air con. It didn’t work. He considered going back to U-Haul, but the thought of switching trucks had zero appeal. He unrolled the windows and let in the midday, blast-furnace wind.

Just past Anthem, with the saguaro thick on the basalt cones of ancient volcanoes and the Agua Fria Wilderness dead ahead, Greg noticed the temperature gauge. The needle had swung to the danger zone. He muttered an expletive, and then remembered something his dad had told him back in the day when cars routinely overheated: Turn on the heat. That would divert heat from the engine.

With the heat on and windows open, Greg drove the five hours to Flagstaff at 55 mph and unloaded the truck, leaving in back a pile of folded furniture pads. He had put a deposit on them, and the contract stipulated that he return them when he returned the vehicle.

Greg pulled into the U-Haul lot in Flag, and the agent asked how the truck had performed. Face red, a vein throbbing in his temple, Greg told the agent about the problem with the thermostat.

“And just so you know,” Greg said, “I’m keeping the pads.”

The agent looked at him and swallowed. “That’s a good idea, Dr. Williams. I was about to offer.”

As Greg told me, “On any other day, I never would have done that, but because I was so hot, if I hadn’t gotten the pads, there would have been blood on the floor.”

The moral of the story is this. If you want to see what a mild-mannered character will do when pushed, expose her or him to extreme heat or cold. The survival instinct will kick in. Characters will act in ways you never would have predicted, and even a routine road trip will gain tension.

Author

  • Marylee MacDonald

    Marylee MacDonald is the author of MONTPELIER TOMORROW, BONDS OF LOVE & BLOOD, BODY LANGUAGE, and THE BIG BOOK OF SMALL PRESSES AND INDEPENDENT PUBLISHERS. Her books and stories have won the Barry Hannah Prize, the Jeanne M. Leiby Memorial Chapbook Award, a Readers' Favorites Gold Medal for Drama, the American Literary Review Fiction Prize, a Wishing Shelf Book Award, and many others. She holds an M.A. in Creative Writing from San Francisco State, and when not reading or writing books, she loves to walk on the beach and explore National Parks.

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